Conventional multi-well model

With the conventional multi-well (CMW) model, you can simulate multiple wells using the group numerical model to history-match producing wells and forecast future production. For theoretical information, see modifications for multi-well models.

Note:    This model works with your Harmony Reservoir™ license.

Before you start using the multi-well model, make sure that all required information is added to the Harmony Enterprise project:

• Populate sandface locations for each well in the Attributes tab.
• Populate well production data (rates and sandface pressures) in the Production editor for each well in the group.
• Specify reservoir and fluid properties in the Properties editor of the group. When you create a new multi-well model, group reservoir properties are automatically applied.
• Populating wellbore information (such as, a deviation survey, completion, and perforation data) is not required. However, we recommend populating this information because it helps to initiate the multi-well model with correct default settings.

We recommend that you perform analyses and/or modeling for individual wells prior to using the multi-well model. You can bring in parameters from individual well analyses as a starting point for the multi-well model. Additionally, you can perform certain group analyses. For example, a flowing material balance (FMB) performed on the group gives an estimate for original fluid in-place for the reservoir.

By default, the Plots tab opens (with the Wells button selected) with a dashboard with four plots. For more information, see dashboard.

Model creation

To create a CMW model:

1. Create a group (in the Entity Viewer - Hierarchy or Entity Viewer - Custom) that contains all the wells you want to include in the model.

2. Launch the group for analysis. For more information, see selecting an entity for analysis.

3. Click the Group image and select Multiphase Multi-well Model, Conventional.

You can create a Black Oil, Volatile Oil, or a Gas Condensate model:

• Black Oil — accounts for gas dissolved in liquid, but does not account for liquid vaporized in gas; therefore, you should not create a Black Oil model for a group that has liquid-rich gas as a gas type.
• Gas Condensate — used to create a multiphase model that accounts for liquid vaporized in gas. This model should only be used for groups that have liquid-rich gas as their gas type.
• Volatile Oil — used to create a multiphase model that accounts for liquid vaporized in gas The water phase can be turned off within the model..

Note:   For more information, see modifications for the multiphase model.

Multilayer CMW model

You can model production from multiple layers using the CMW model.

When modeling a layered reservoir using the CMW model:

• Layers are communicating with each other only through wellbores.
• Pressure drop between layers across the wellbore is calculated using a simplified wellbore model. When using this model, pressure drop between the layers is close to the hydrostatic pressure drop across the wellbore (while the friction pressure drop is ignored).
• Each layer is considered to be flat. (There is one datum depth per layer, but the net pay may vary from well-to-well.)
• All layers share the same set of PVT properties and relative permeability curves, which are defined in the Properties editor for the group.
• Each layer can have its own initial pressure.
• Geological properties (that is, net pay, porosity, permeability, and saturations) are set up per layer, per well.
• Layer boundaries are set up for each layer individually. As a result, some wells may be outside the boundary of some layers.
• If the well is modeled to operate under Use Rate control mode, the commingled rate of the well is used. The model outputs simulated rates for the well and for individual layers. Historical layer rates (if available) are displayed on the Well Rate time plot, but are not used in model calculation.
• Historical pressure for each well is taken from the Production editor of the top layer perforated by that well, if the well has a layer entity with the same name. Otherwise (for example, if the well does not have layer entities), historical pressure is taken from the Production editor of the well.
• If the well is modeled to operate under Use Pressure control mode, historical sandface pressure is interpreted as flowing pressure at the very top layer perforated by the well. The model outputs simulated sandface flowing pressures for the well and for individual layers. Historical calculated sandface pressures for layers (if available) are displayed on the Well Rate time plot, but are not used in model calculation.

Relationship between layer entities and layers of the CMW model

For Harmony Enterprise 2022.2 and later, you can create multilayer wells by adding layer entities in the Entity Viewer.

When creating a multi-well model for a set of multilayer wells, there is no requirement for the layers in the Entity Viewer and the layers in the CMW model to be consistent with each other. However, we recommend keeping the layer structure and naming consistent because it makes using this analysis easier.

If you decide to have consistency in the layer structure and layer naming between layers in the Entity Viewer and layers in CMW, it is your responsibility to keep layer naming consistent. (Harmony Enterprise does not require nor enforce this consistency.)

If the layers in the Entity Viewer are set up and have appropriate layer information, you can set up the multilayer CMW model:

• After creating the CMW model (see model creation), click the Reservoir & Layers button.
• To add model layers, click the Set Up Model Layers Based on Layer Entities ( ) icon in the toolbar. Layer names, datums, and properties are populated based on the information available in the editors for the multilayer well and its layer entities.
• Well Rate Time plots for the CMW model display historical layer rates, and historical layer calculated sandface pressures that are available in the Production editor for layer entities. These historical data points are not used in the model's calculations, but are displayed so that you can visually compare historical data and data simulated by the model.
• If you do not have confidence in the allocation data that is set up in the Multilayer Allocation editor, you may want to overwrite it by the layer allocations generated by this model. The data in the Tables \ Well – Allocations tab can be directly copied and pasted to the Multilayer Allocation editor of the well.

Model geometry

This analysis currently supports vertical, vertical with fracture, and horizontal well completions. Wells are placed in the reservoir according to their actual locations (specified by sandface lat / long in the Attributes tab). Length and direction of horizontal wellbores are drawn according to L_e and Azimuth parameters.

Reservoir boundaries default to 1,320 ft (a 1/4 section) from the outermost wells. These boundaries can be adjusted using the and icons. For more information, see the Side Schematic plot toolbar description.

This is a reservoir with well regions:

These are vertical wells with cell regions:

This is a horizontal well with cell regions:

Setting model parameters

Well regions are automatically created for the model by drawing boundaries halfway between adjacent wells. These regions are used for setting parameters, such as net pay and permeability in the grid cells of each region. They do not represent no-flow boundaries.

To specify the properties for each region, select the well by clicking it in the schematic, or select the well from the drop-down menu, or use the arrows in the primary toolbar. When you click the Wells button, you can manually enter properties, or click the Pull Defaults icon in the primary toolbar to use values from analyses in the well.

The initial pressure, bubble-point pressure, compressibility, and area are specified in Reservoir & Layers, and are applied to the entire reservoir. If you have the Properties editor populated for the group before creating the Multi-well model, this information is pre-populated when the worksheet is created.

Primary toolbar

The primary toolbar has the following icons:

• Pull Defaults — select from these options:
  
  
  • Group Properties — copies default values from the Properties editor of the group.
  • Selected Well Properties — copies default values from Properties editor of the selected well.
  • Group Analysis — displays a sub-menu with all the other conventional multi-well models for the group. (If there are no other conventional multi-well models, this option is not displayed.) Selecting one of the existing models copies one multi-well model to another in the same group, which can be useful if you want to experiment with the copy of the model while preserving the original content. Note that the parameters on the Forecast tab are not copied.
  • Selected Well Analysis — displays a sub-menu with all the analyses (that is, typecurve, analytical, and numerical) for the selected well. (If there are no other analyses, this option is not displayed.) Selecting one of the existing analyses, copies parameters of that analysis to the currently selected well.
  • Another Well in this Model — displays a sub-menu with all the other wells in the same model. Select one of the wells to copy the calculation method, well parameters, and constraints from that well to the currently selected well (displayed in Wells under Selected Well).
• Push Defaults — copies well parameters from the currently selected well to the one other well you select, or to All Wells in the model. Selecting Model Parameters copies all parameters set under the Plots Tab \ Wells; selecting Forecast Parameters copies parameters set under the Forecast tab for the currently selected well.
• Bulk Edit Geological Parameters — opens a summary table of layers and wells for quick editing, including renaming layers. If you update a parameter value, the text changes to black (from gray). You can update parameters individually, or you can update, for example, net pay or porosity for a layer and all the associated wells. You can also copy and paste to Excel and vice versa. To accept your changes, click the Apply button. To discard your changes, click the Cancel button.
• Synthesize — click this icon every time you want to history-match and create a forecast.
• Stop Synthesize — stops the model's synthesize calculations.
• Previous Well — jumps to the previous well.
• Next Well — jumps to the next consecutive well.

• Copy to / Paste from Clipboard — copies / pastes entity parameters from the clipboard.
• Event Scheduler — opens the Event Scheduler where you can model opening and closing of individual layers.
• Playback icons ()

After you click the Synthesize icon () in the primary toolbar and the calculations are complete, the icons listed below are enabled in the same toolbar. With these playback icons, you can see how pressures or saturations change through time. A tooltip displays the pressure or saturation value and unit, as you hover over your color-shading plot.

• Skip to Beginning — displays the first timestep.
• Step Back One Frame — view timesteps in reverse one frame at a time.
• Play in Reverse — view timesteps in reverse. You can click this icon multiple times to increase the speed of the playback.
• Stop — stops the playback process. As you hover over various cells in your well, the pressure or saturation is displayed.
• Play — view timesteps from start-to-finish. You can click this icon multiple times to increase the speed of the playback.
• Step Forward One Frame — view one frame at a time.
• Skip to End — displays the last timestep.

Plots tab

This tab displays four plots in a dashboard and has these buttons in the lower left: Wells, Reservoir & Layers, Volumes, and Options. If you do not see all these buttons, click >> and select Show All Buttons.

Wells

In Wells, you can specify model parameters for each individual well, for every layer that it penetrates.

Selected Well — select the well you want to modify from the drop-down list.

Parameters located below the Selected Well drop-down list apply to the selected well:

• Select if this well is to be operated at a production rate or a pressure control.
• V_w — the wellbore volume of the portion of the wellbore that goes from the top layer of the wellbore to the surface. (Wellbore volumes for the portions of the wellbore below the top layer are calculated based on given dimensions.)
  
  
  • Modify Advanced Well Control parameters, if required.

Below Advanced Well Control parameters are parameters describing geology and completion in each of the layers. All of the layers are listed in order from the shallowest to the deepest one. Select the layer you want to edit, and a corresponding group of parameters expands. (To select a layer, you can either select click an arrow to the left of the Layer name (), or you can change your layer selection in the Side Schematic plot.) If the model has just one layer, a well’s geological and completion parameters are always displayed.

Note:   To add a new layer, rename, or delete layers, click the Reservoir & Layers button.

Geological parameters:

• h — net pay
• ϕ_t — total porosity
• S_g — gas saturation
• S_o — oil saturation
• S_w — water saturation
• k_ay — permeability in the horizontal direction
• k_z/k_xy — permeability ratio (permeability in the vertical direction / permeability in the horizontal direction)

Completion parameters:

(These parameters apply to the completion of the selected well in the selected layer.)

• Use the Completion Type drop-down list to select either Vertical, Horizontal, Vertical with Fracture, or No Perforation.
• If you select Vertical, these parameters are displayed:
• • s — skin
  • r_w — wellbore radius

• If you select Horizontal, these parameters are displayed:
  
  
  • Le — type your effective horizontal well length. (By default, Le is calculated based on the perforation data set up in the Wellbore editor.)
  • Azimuth — is the angle between North and the horizontal portion of the wellbore. Type your value in degrees. (By default, this value is calculated based on your deviation-survey data in the Wellbore editor, as long as it contains easting and northing data.)
  • s — skin
  • r_w — wellbore radius

• If you select Vertical with Fracture, these parameters are displayed:
• • x_f — fracture half length
  • Azimuth — is the angle between North and the wellbore, in degrees
  • F_CD — dimensionless fracture conductivity
  • k_fw_f — fracture conductivity
  • s_f — damage skin on fracture face
  • r_w — wellbore radius

• If you select No Perforation, no completion parameters are displayed.

Reservoir & Layers

When you click the Reservoir & Layers button, you can specify parameters that are used for the entire reservoir and layers.

Note:   For additional information about the way multiple layers are modeled, see the CMW model.

Toolbar icons

Toolbar icons are as follows:

• Add New Layer — opens the Add Layer dialog box where you type a layer name and datum depth (true vertical depth in the middle of the layer).
• Remove Selected Layer — deletes the currently selected layer. You are not prompted to confirm your decision.
• Set Up Model Layers Based on Layer Entities — adds a set of layers to the model, based on the layer entities that exist for the wells in the group. Layer name and some of their properties are populated based on the information available for the corresponding layer entities.

To rename layers, click the Bulk Edit Geological Parameters icon () in the primary toolbar. For more information, see Bulk Edit Geological Parameters dialog box.

Fluid type selection

Click the checkboxes for the fluid phases you want to include in your model: Gas, Oil (or Condensate), and/or Water.

Selected Layer

In this section, select a layer from the drop-down list to view or modify these parameters: datum, initial reservoir pressure, and drainage area.

Note:   If there is only one layer, this section is not displayed.

Aquifer

Aquifers are defined per layer, and parameters are displayed for the currently selected layer. In the Aquifer section, you can have an aquifer edge, bottom, or both. In order to account for an aquifer in your reservoir, you need to connect it. For more information, see the Connect Aquifer icon description.

If you select Edge Aquifer, you must specify values for OWIP_E∆q and k_E∆q.

If you select Bottom Aquifer, you must specify values for OWIP_B∆q and k_B∆q.

Volumes

When you click the Volumes button, read-only values for the reservoir and layers are displayed.

Options

When you click the Options button, various gridding parameters are displayed.

After you set your reservoir dimensions, well locations, layers, and well completion parameters, the CMW model creates an appropriate grid to get accurate results with minimal calculation time. To display gridding, right-click the schematic plot and select Show Grid Cells.

Usually, the default gridding settings are fine, but in some cases, you may want to adjust the gridding parameters. Gridding parameters are as follows:

• Ratio_nwb — controls the size of the cells adjoining wellbores and fractures.
• Ratio — controls the rate at which cell sizes increase as they go further from the completion.
• 
• n_sectors — the number of sectors used for the radial portion of the gridding. In the figure above, n_sectors = 4, so each half-circle is divided into four sectors.
• n_fracture — the fracture has one wellbore cell in the middle, and each wing of the fracture is divided into n_fracture equal parts.
• n_HzWb — the horizontal wellbore is divided into n_HzWb equal parts.
• n_decrease — the row of cells adjoining the completion is divided into equal cells. The number of cells is equal to 2 * n_fracture for fracture completions and is equal to n_HzWb for horizontal completions. For each subsequent row, the number of cells decrease by n_decrease.

Dashboard

In the dashboard, there are four plots, which are described below. You can switch which plots (that is, Map View, Side Schematic, Well Rate Time, Total Rate Time, and Ratios) are displayed in the dashboard by clicking the Change Plot button in each plot's toolbar.

Map View

The map view is always displayed in the dashboard and displays one layer at a time. You can edit / rotate your reservoir, display shapefiles, view / edit your aquifer, and view shaded plots while you run a simulation.

Toolbar icons are as follows:

Edit Reservoir Boundary — click-and-drag to move your reservoir. Scroll your mouse wheel to expand or shrink your reservoir. White circles move an entire edge of the reservoir boundary. Red squares move only the selected vertex. Click a mid-section of a reservoir edge to add a new red vertex; note that your cursor changes to a cross.

Rotate Reservoir — scroll your mouse wheel, or use your keyboard's arrow keys to rotate the boundaries of your reservoir (the physical location does not change) around the reservoir center. To rotate your reservoir around your cursor, press the Ctrl key and scroll / use your arrow keys.

Display Reservoir Boundary from Spatial Explorer — opens the Available Polygon Layers from Spatial Explorer dialog box where you can select or create a polygon layer in Spatial Explorer. This polygon replaces the existing model boundaries automatically. For more information, see Spatial Explorer.

Undo — undoes your last action. (You cannot undo your zoom as this icon applies to resizing only.)

Redo — reapplies the size of your reservoir to your previous settings. (You cannot redo your zoom as this icon applies to resizing only.)

Reset Reservoir Boundary — resets your reservoir size to the default setting.

Connect Aquifer — this icon is available if Edge Aquifer or Bottom Aquifer are selected in Reservoir. Click this icon to set the parts of the reservoir boundary that are connected to the edge or bottom of the aquifer. Segments of the boundary that are highlighted in blue are connected to the edge of the aquifer. By default, the entire reservoir boundary is connected to the aquifer, but you can select and deselect edges by clicking them. Cells that are highlighted in blue are connected to the bottom of the aquifer. (The mouse cursor becomes blue when you are in connect-aquifer-selection mode.) You can also select Connect All to Aquifer or Deselect All from Aquifer for your cell regions by right-clicking the schematic.

Shaded Plot Display Mode — this drop-down list becomes available after the model has been synthesized. Use this drop-down list to select which property you want to display in each grid cell. You can select one of the following properties to display it: Pressure, Saturations (color scheme based on saturations of all three phases), Gas Saturation, Oil Saturation, Water Saturation, Permeability, Net Pay, or Porosity.

Currently Selected Layer — select the layer you want to display.

For information on common plot icons, see plot toolbars.

After you click the Synthesize icon () in the primary toolbar, the synthesis proceeds. Lines representing simulation results are drawn as the simulation progresses.

Position lines indicate calculation progress. The shaded plot displays the distribution of pressure or saturation at the timestep that has just been calculated (as indicated by the time-stamp in the lower left corner, which displays the exact date and time). After the calculation is completed, these Position lines can be dragged to the moment in time you want to examine more closely, and all plots are synchronized.

If you find that the color scale for your shaded plot needs adjusting, right-click the legend and select Customize Color Scale, and then type customized min and max values. To revert back to the default min and max values, right-click the legend and select Reset Color Scale.

Note:   After you click the Shaded Plot Display Mode drop-down list and select an option, you can view values for each cell region by hovering over the shaded plot. Tooltips are displayed for each cell region.

Context menu

Right-clicking lists these options:

• Reservoir Region — show / hide the reservoir boundary.
• Wells — show / hide the wells in the reservoir.
• Well Names — show / hide the well names in the reservoir.
• Well Regions — show / hide the boundaries of the well regions.
• Cell Regions — show / hide the grid cell boundaries for each well in the reservoir.
• Selected Well — show / hide the well name for the selected well.
• Scale Gridline — show / hide gridlines with a scale marker.
• Connect All to Aquifer — when Bottom Aquifer has been selected in the Aquifer section of Reservoir & Layers and you are in aquifer-selection mode, you can select all of the cell regions at once by selecting this option.
• Disconnect All from Aquifer — when Bottom Aquifer has been selected in the Aquifer section of Reservoir & Layers and you are in aquifer-selection mode, you can deselect all of the cell regions at once by selecting this option.
• Copy Lat / Long to Clipboard — copies the latitude and longitude of the current position of the mouse pointer. These latitude / longitude values can be used to add a new infill well at the location you want:
  
  
  • Move the mouse pointer to the location for the new infill well; then, right-click and select Copy Lat / Long to Clipboard.
  • Create a new well using the Entity Viewer - Hierarchy. For more information, see adding an entity.
  • Open the Attributes tab for this well and paste the surface latitude and longitude from the clipboard.
  • Add this new well to the multi-well group previously used to run the multi-well analysis. (You can drag-and-drop the new well from the Entity Viewer - Hierarchy to the Entity Viewer - Custom.)

Side Schematic

This plot displays a schematic view of the model, displaying all its layers and wells. The elements in this plot are not drawn to scale; rather, this plot can be thought of as a navigation tool. At any given time, one well and one layer are selected. In the schematic view, the names for a currently selected well and layer are underlined. Also, the well region of the selected well at the selected layer is indicated by a blue rectangle.

You can change your well and layer selections by clicking elements in this schematic. All of your selections are synchronized with other areas in the interface where you can change your well and layer selections. For example, if you select Well C and Top layer in the Side Schematic (as shown below), parameters in Wells are displayed for Well C and Top layer.

Additionally, you can use schematics to determine if a well is outside the boundary of a certain layer (for example, Well A is outside the boundary of the Bottom layer, and the corresponding well region is displayed in light gray). The schematic also indicates whether the well is completed at a particular layer (for example, Well C is completed at the Bottom layer, but not in the Top layer).

Note:   White horizontal lines indicate perforations.

Ratios plot

This plot displays historical and simulated ratios for the selected well.

For a description of common icons, see toolbars. Be aware of this additional icon:

Show or Hide Well and Layer Data — select to display calculated datasets only for the Well (thick lines), only for the Layer (thin lines), or for both Well and Layer (thick lines for Well, thin lines for Layer). If the well has a layer entity with the same name as the layer in the model, its historical datasets (ratios) are also displayed on the plot (with smaller-sized points for layer datasets).

Points on the plot represent the following:

• Larger points represent historical total ratios for the entire well (that is, red = GOR, green = CGR, blue = WGR or WOR).
• If the model has multiple layers, smaller points represent historical ratios for the currently selected layer (same color designation). Note that historical datasets for the layer are only displayed if the well has a layer entity with the same name as the layer in the model.

Lines on the plot represent the following:

• thick lines represent total ratios for the entire well (that is, red = GOR, green = CGR, blue = WGR or WOR).
• If the model has multiple layers, thin lines represent the value for the currently selected layer (same color designation).

Well Rate Time plot

This plot displays historical and simulated rates, as well as pressure for a single well.

For a description of common icons, see toolbars. Be aware of these additional icons:

• Show or Hide Gas / Oil / Water — toggle between the fluids you want displayed.
• / Switch to Rate vs Time / Switch to Cumulative vs Time — toggle between these two views.
• Show or Hide Well and Layer Data — select to display calculated datasets only for the Well (thick lines), only for the Layer (thin lines), or for both Well and Layer (thick lines for Well, thin lines for Layer). If the well has a layer entity with the same name as the layer in the model, its historical datasets (rates and sandface pressures) are also displayed on the plot (with smaller-sized points for layer datasets).
• / Show / Hide Interpolated Layer Rates – available for multilayer CMW models. If the well has a layer entity with the same name as the layer in the model, its historical datasets (rates and sandface pressures) are displayed on the plot. This icon toggles between displaying historical layer data for all dates or only for the dates entered in the Multilayer Allocation editor.

To switch wells, you can:

• Click the arrows ( ) in the main toolbar.
• Click a well in the Map View.
• Click a well in the Side Schematic plot.
• Select a different well from the Select Well drop-down list.

For a description of its common icons, see toolbars.

Points on the plot represent the following:

• Larger points on the plot represent well historical data (red = gas rate, green = oil rate, blue = water rate, brown = sandface flowing pressure).
• If the model has multiple layers, smaller points represent historical data for the currently selected layer (same color designation). Note that historical datasets for the layer are only displayed if the well has a layer entity with the same name as the layer in the model.

Lines on the plot represent the following:

• Thick lines represent the value for the well (red = gas, green = oil, blue = water, brown = flowing pressure).
• Note: Well flowing pressure is a flowing pressure at the very top layer penetrated by the well.
• If the model has multiple layers, thin lines represent the value for the currently selected layer (same color designation).

Total Rate / Cum Time plot

This plot displays the total historical and simulated rates / cumulative production for the entire reservoir, and the reservoir pressure.

For a description of common icons, see toolbars. Be aware of these additional icons:

• Show or Hide Gas / Oil / Water — toggle between the fluids you want displayed.
• / Switch to Rate vs Time / Switch to Cumulative vs Time — toggle between these two views.
• Show or Hide Total and Layer Data — select to display calculated datasets only for the Total of the entire group (thick lines), only for the Layer (thin lines), or for both Total and Layer (thick lines for Total of the entire group, thin lines for Layer). If some wells in the model have layer entities with the same name as the layer in the model, historical rates for these layer entities are summed up and also displayed on the plot (with smaller-sized points for layer datasets).

This plot displays the total historical and simulated rates / cumulative production for the entire reservoir and the reservoir pressure.

Points on the plot represent the following:

• Larger points on the plot represent historical data for the entire group (red = gas rate, green = oil rate, blue = water rate).
• If the model has multiple layers, smaller points represent historical data for the currently selected layer (same color designation). Note that historical datasets for the layer are only displayed if some wells in the model have layer entities with the same name as the layer in the model.

Lines on the plot represent the following:

• Thick lines represent the value for the entire reservoir (red = reservoir gas rate, green = reservoir oil rate, blue = reservoir water rate).
• If the model has multiple layers, thin lines represent the rates produced by all of the wells from the currently selected layer (same color designation).
• A turquoise line represents average reservoir pressure, or average pressure for the currently selected layer in a multilayer case.
• If the model has multiple layers, average reservoir pressure is not displayed by default. To display average reservoir pressure, right-click the plot and select Customize Datasets.

Forecast tab

This tab has the same features as the numerical Forecast sub-tab, but you have the option to display all wells in the group, or individual wells.

Forecast Plot

If All Wells is selected in the Select Well drop-down list, the Forecast plot displays group-level rates and reservoir pressures. If one of the wells is selected in the Select Well drop-down list, the Forecast plot displays rates and flowing pressures for that selected well.

Forecast Options

Use the Select Well drop-down list to pick any individual well or All Wells. Select one of the wells to see forecast settings for just that well in the Forecast table, or select All Wells to see forecast settings for all the wells together.

The Forecast Start Date is set for the entire model (the forecast for all the wells starts at this given date).

The values in the Duration column are shared between all the wells in the model.

Forecast Constraints are applied for all of the wells in the model.

After you set up a valid forecast and synthesize it, the Forecast Results table displays EUR, RR, RF, and historical volumes for each well for each of the fluid phases available in the model.

Forecast Injection

To forecast injection for any well, select one of these options from the Control Type drop-down list:

• Gas Inj Rate — the forecast at a given gas injection rate.
• Water Inj Rate — the forecast at a given water injection rate.
• Pressure (Inj Gas) — the forecast at a given sandface flowing pressure. (This pressure is reached by injecting gas.)
• Pressure (Inj Water) — the forecast at a given sandface flowing pressure. (This pressure is reached by injecting water.)

Note:   In order for the above options to be available, the corresponding fluid phase must be selected when you click the Reservoir & Layers button.

Injection constraints are applicable when at least one of the wells has an injection forecast.

• (p_inj)_max — sets a maximum sandface flowing pressure during the forecast. In order to maintain the maximum flowing pressure, the injection rate is adjusted.
• (q_ginj)_max — sets a maximum gas injection rate during the forecast. In order to maintain the maximum rate constraint, flowing pressure is adjusted.
• (q_winj)_max — sets a maximum water injection rate during the forecast. In order to maintain the maximum rate constraint, flowing pressure is adjusted.

Toolbar

This toolbar has the same common icons described in plot toolbars.

Tables tab

This tab displays calculated data in table format in the following sub-tabs:

• <well name> — displays information (calculated rates, cumulative production, ratios and sandface flowing pressures) for the selected well.
• Total — displays information for the entire group.
• Run — displays reservoir pressures and average saturations for the entire model.
• <layer name> — displays information for the currently selected layer of the selected well.
• <well name> - Allocations — only available for multilayer CMW models. This tab contains allocations for the fluid rates for the selected well between its layers. Content in this tab can be directly copied and pasted to the Multilayer Allocation editor of the well (assuming the layer naming is consistent).